Prospective Practice for Compound Stress Tolerance in Thyme Plants Using Nanoparticles and Biochar for Photosynthesis and Biochemical Ingredient Stability

Global climatic change leads to many detrimental effects on all life forms. Outstanding case, salinity, and drought are considered multidimensional stress that severely affect plant growth sustainable agriculture. Thymus vulgaris is a medicinal has phytochemical constituents, it threatened by several abiotic stresses caused climate change. Therefore, the present study aims evaluate physiological response thyme tolerance grown newlyreclaimed saline sandy soil under conditions treated biochar-loaded biofertilizers, nano-zeolite, nano-silicon through two consecutive seasons. The nanoparticles enhanced alleviated adverse effect of drought. Additionally, synergistic was noticed when combining biofertilizers. quadruple combined treatment nano-silicon, biochar, organic matter (T7) significantly increased morphological traits, photosynthetic parameters, oil, yield compared control treatment. T7 concentration endogenous nutrients (N, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn), proline, total phenols, flavonoids, in addition indoleacetic acid, gibberellic antioxidant enzymes other treatments. showed lowest soluble sugars, abscisic transpiration rate. Interestingly, benefits increasing its vital hydrocarbons, oxygenated compounds. These findings introduce dual benefit nano-fertilizers combination with biochar ameliorating salinity along thymegrowth, productivity, therapeutic value.